Marigolds are among the happy of flowers . Beautiful and resilient , they have literally colonize the earth . There is a long and rich history of human involvement with them , and this engagement extends well beyond their just having a pretty human face . Some societal and cultural history and some practical horticultural steering follows .
A Flower of the Aztec Empire
On November 8 , 1519 about 400 Spaniards under Hernán Cortés ( 1485 - 1547 ) , with about 1,000 native allies , entered Tenochtitlán , the as many as 300,000 person capital of the Aztec Empire . Present - sidereal day Mexico City is build up on its ruining . Recent encyclopedism contends that Moctezuma II ( 1466 - 1520 ) ( aka Montezuma ) invited them to enter out of curiosity and , perhaps , an aim to at last destroy them . They were awed by a dazzling city in the heart of a lake : beautifully painted , clean , organized , and glorious with flowers . Many of the flowers were what we call today marigolds . The Aztecs called themcempoalxóchitl(in Nahuatl ) ; the Spanish later called themcempasúchil . The Aztecs used the term to encompass severalTagetesspecies ; but most directlyTagetes erecta . They bred the heyday for size of it and depth of gloss . The real translation ofcempoalxóchitlmeans “ flower of twenty petals . ” They were called in Spanish “ Clavel de Indias , ” the “ Carnation of the Indies . ”
Marigolds were cultivated on thechinampas , floating farming islands , which hem in Tenochtitlán . The Spaniards also found impose and beautiful temples in which human sacrifice was do . Blood sacrifice had long been a part of Mesoamerican religions and marigold had long had a character in other Mesoamerican cultures , notably the Maya . Research point that Mesoamerican cultures used the flower to adorn idols , non-Christian priest , and sacrificial victims long before the Aztecs . Marigolds were used in healing , but were also sanctified , playing a persona in a variety of ceremonies .
Naturalists and scholar of the 16thcentury had wide interests , and , not long after the subjugation , there was some heedful and assiduous work to describe and preserve knowledge of the cultures and environment of what was now New Spain . There were several important efforts . In plus to Sahagún ’s anthropological work ( mentioned below ) , of central importance is the 1552 work amass by the young Aztec physician baptize as Martin de la Cruz , which was originally in Nuahatl and then translated into Latin asLibellus de Medicinalis Indorum Herbis . you could read it in English as the cheap paperbackAn Aztec Herbal . Its history is compactly , but thoroughly bear on in the scholarly article author byChavarria and Espinosacited under beginning . The late 16thcenturyHistoria de las plantas de Nueva Españacompiled by Francisco Hernández ( 1514 - 1578 ) , which also had a complicated issue history , is also priceless ( see the entrycempoalxóchitlin the 1942 emended bulk ii , book quaternion , chapter CLXXIX , pp , 644 - 652 ) . For a resume ofTagetesuses not only in Mexico , but worldwide , see Robert Trostle Neher ’s 1968 clause “ The Ethnobotany of Tagetes . ” The medical indications are not recommendations for use , but an indication of use . For a general dive into Aztec pharmacology , with examples from the above primary source , begin with the Mexicolore websitesFour Hundred efflorescence : The Aztec Herbal Pharmacopoeia , Part 1 . Yauhtliand Cempoalxóchitl , Cempoalxóchitl , andHow to cure rigidifying of the snake : herbal medication , Aztec manner . For full citations to the works mentioned above consult the list of Sources .
Tageteshas been an outside genus for a long meter and a search of the Web retrieves many scientific articles published around the world , write for scientist , exploring chemical penning , uses or possible role , and paint a picture efficacy . modernistic scientific subject field suggests thatTagetesextracts may be worthful in contemporary medicine and backup claim of efficaciousness in traditional aesculapian program . For a deep honkytonk into this literature , tryPubMed .
return to the Aztecs , what we callTagetes lucidaandTagetes erectawere burn along with copal ( aromatic resin from the copal tree ) in the incense burners associate with the imposingTemplo Mayorin Tenochtitlán . The musky scent was think by the Aztecs to convey messages and orison to the gods . In curt , marigold had an ancient and extremely developed persona in pharmacology , theological system , and artistic expression and symbology .
Sculpture of the deity Coyolxuahqui with a marigold headdress . Museo Nacional de Antropologia [ National Museum of Anthropology ] , Mexico City . Photo : Carlos yo , Wikimedia Commons . CC BY - SA 4.0.Thecempoalxóchitlwas used by the Aztecs in human sacrifice ritual and to honor the dead . The Florentine Codex , theHistoria general de las Cosas de Nueva España(General History of the Things of New Spain ) , an encyclopedic work collect by Fray Bernardino Sahagún ( 1499 - 1590 ) to key out Aztec culture , explains that dry and pulverized Yauhtil ( Tagetes lucida ) was blown into the faces of sacrificial victims with the intent of lessening their pain ( see Mexiciolore , Four Hundred Flowers ) . There is a scientific lit regarding the hallucinogenic and narcotic properties and United States of the marigold speciesTagetes lucidain particular . And it is thought that marigold was add to chocolate and tobacco with the purport of enhancing their use and assume medical benefits .
The Day of the drained
The marigold ’s “ sanctified ” role continues today inDía de los Muertosor Day of the numb jubilation , which are held November 1 - 2.Día de los Muertosis an enormously popular solemnisation in Mexico in particular and is keep among many Americans of Hispanic heritage . The Day of the numb lionise sprightliness by creating a special social function for remembering and honoring deceased loved ones . The celebration is even recognized with an American postage stamp on which – just coincidentally — marigolds are prominent .
The observance is endure account . It has long been rede as an amalgamation or blending of autochthonal and Christian religious belief and practice in conquered Mexico , which ultimately resulted in a vacation that check Aztec custom and belief ( see Mexicolore’sThe prowess of Aztec Mourning ) and complements in some ways the Roman Catholic All Saints Day and All Souls Day . Some scholars contend , however , that it more intimately reflects and resembles the festivals of medieval Spain . ( For this , see theWikipediaarticle for a warm introduction . ) It can think different things to different citizenry and be mystic or symbolic , but at its core , it celebrates life , honour the deceased , and is a time to receive the life - infuse power of love and store .
For those observing the holiday , spirits are summoned back to life either mystically or symbolically . The marigold , a symbolisation of life ’s transience , serve up as a hook and a template . Yellow and orange marigold ( Tagetes erecta ) – in Spanish , in this context , Flor de Muertos – call and guide the dead “ dwelling ” with their odor and color . Various rich food and imbibe offerings on house altar , altares demuertosorofrendas , do the same . Marigold petals are sometimes symbolically strew as a path to draw give souls and megabucks of marigold are lovingly site on Robert Graves .
For a exhaustively enjoyable introduction to the vacation ’s of the essence import and symbols , consider observe Disney Pixar’sCoco(2017 ) . The film is rich in orange marigold , including a marigold bridge tie in the lands of the living and the dead . It won legion awards include the 2017 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film and 2018 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . For a response to the moving-picture show ’s critics , see Smithsonian folklorist Cynthia Vidaurri’sDid Disney Pixar Get the Day of the Dead Celebrations Right in Its Film ‘ Coco’?For a unlike position totally , conceive watching the documentary and concert filmFlor de Muertos(2011 ) , which features the music of the dance band Calexico . rest period easy , there are marigold ! It begins withDía de los Muertosin Mexico and terminate with an All Souls Day advancement in Tucson .
Examples of the Columbian Exchange
After the subjection , the Mexican marigold made a series of its own conquests . It became a beautiful part of the Columbian Exchange : the exchange between the New and Old Worlds of plants , animals , disease , metals , engineering , culture , melodic theme , and multitude . Exchange pass off within continents and hemispheres as well . The marigold was accompany on its journey by petunias , poinsettias , sunflower , and old maid . It was not uncommon to regain marigold in the United States shortly after the Revolution . A related specie , calendula , had been grown in English colonial gardens .
The blossom arrived in India with Lusitanian merchandiser in the 16th century and took the subcontinent by violent storm . From weddings , to family , spiritual and civic events , to funerals to Diwali ( the symbolical celebration of the victory of goodness over evilness , light over darkness , and knowledge over ignorance),Tagetesbecame the preeminent celebratory flower , replacing all others . The conquest was the same as the New World chili ’s refilling of India ’s nativepippalior farseeing white pepper . The flowers are used to decorate people and the door and windows of house and as offerings to Hindu god . The marigold is a symbolisation of goodness and felicity . In other traditions , it is identified as a symbolisation of “ inner light , ” but also as a symbol of embarrassment and grief . Across time and billet , different coinage can have divers significance ; for instance , Tagetes patulacan symbolize creativity and passion , but also jealousy , grief , and uneasiness ( see Dani Rhys’Marigold Flowers Meaning and Symbolismfor an introduction ) .
Tagetes erectaare raised to meet the Brobdingnagian demand for marigold miscellany in India . Those unable to acquire real blossom recur to paper and plastic internal representation . The marigold has become a interior symbol of India and the felicity it evokes receive a family in many ethnic expressions , including India - focused democratic movies in the due west : Marigold(2007),The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel(2012 ) andThe Second Best Marigold Hotel(2015 ) . Some may also remember the marigold - consumption inMonsoonWedding(2001 ) .
oddly , there was an effort to make the marigold our national flower , but it was defeated by the rose wine in 1986 . In our current moment , it ’s worth noting thatTagetes tennuifolia , patula , anderectaare recognized as national symbols of Ukraine ; but the sunflower , a marigold relation , is Ukraine ’s home prime .
Will the Real Marigold Please Stand Up
Long before the New World marigold ( Tagetes ) was discovered , there was another plant life with the same name hold out on the other side of the world . Here is where disarray get . Europe already had a marigold . Its attribute , uses , and folklore were well established . But the English applied the same name to the New World flower . Vernacular names can go to confusion . The system develop by Carl Linneaus ( 1707 - 1778 ) , however , makes the difference clear . The Old World marigold we eff asCalendula officinalisand the New World marigolds asTagetes . Both are members of the Asteraceae class ( among the many plant include are dinero , daisies , sunflowers , chrysanthemums , asters , dahlias , and zinnias ) , and while they are similar , there are differences . For utile overviews of the plant ’s characteristics , visit theWisconsinandNorth CarolinaextensionCalendulawebsites . It can get confusing ; for instance , Shakespeare liked marigold ( and flower in universal ) , but he was responding toCalendula officinalis , or maybe , at least sometimes , Glebionis segetum . And , of course , the symbolic association of the marigold with the Virgin Mary developed aroundCalendula officinalis .
Even within theTagetesgenus there is confusion , since the French marigold did not originate in France , and the African marigold did not originate in Africa . All theTagetesspecies grow in the New World , with representatives in southwesterly America , tropical America , and South America . Tagetes erectaandTagetes patulaare native to present daylight Mexico and Guatemala . In increase , Tagetesspecies have been able-bodied to multiply and spread worldwide and lay down populations in orbit in which they are not native , a physical process called naturalization . The genus nameTagetesis aptly derived from the name of an Etruscan prophet said to have establish the Etruscan religion , and , after emerging from a plowed furrow , address the Etruscans .
Widely Known Marigolds
Tagetes erectaCommonly make love as the African marigold , Aztec marigold , American marigold , Mexican marigold , cempoalxóchitl , andcempasúchitl . The African identification has nothing to do with its root , only with the probable route it traveled to reach Europe or the shoes of its early cattle ranch .
Tagetes patulaCommonly get laid as the French marigold . Once again , the geographical designation has nothing to do with its origin .
Tagetes lucidaCommonly known as the Mexican marigold , Mexican mint marigold , Mexican tarragon , sweet mace , Texas tarragon , andpericón . Perennial .
Tagetes lemmoniiCommonly known as Copper Canyon daisy , Lemmon ’s marigold , mountain marigold , and Mexican marigold . Perennial .
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Tagetes minutaCommonly fuck as black mass , Muster John Henry , risky marigold , and Stinking John Henry .
Tagetes tenuifoliaCommonly fuck as signet marigold , aureate marigold , and Citrus limon marigold .
Propagating and Planting
Marigolds are remarkably easy to grow . They can well be start from seeds , thinning , sow in now after danger of frost has passed , started in humble passel , milk or water jug , pee , or purchase as seedlings . There are many types of marigold , and within the same metal money , for exampleTagetes erecta , you will find a outstanding mixed bag — many cultivars — key by colour , blossom , habit , and top . If marigolds become your passion , you will be compel to inseminate ejaculate . This will ensue in time pleasantly spent scan catalogs and websites .
Again , come out seeds in jugs and containers indoors or out of doors will enable you to save a little money and to sprint into the grow season . Provide drainage by drilling pickle in the bottom of containers and piddle the growing sensitive and then the seedling with a mister . Whenever seeds are planted , if the soil is strong and moist , germination can occur in less than a hebdomad and blooms appear in about one and half months . Once seedlings break the aerofoil — and are large enough to do by — reduce them to spacing appropriate to their anticipate size at maturity date . If source are planted too deeply , germination will be retarded or simply give out to occur . Plant at a astuteness of one - quarter column inch or survey seed packet directions . Young plant life and plants of all ages transplant without drama so long as moist , warm filth condition hold . In fact , if you countenance flowers to go to seed , you may see self - sowing throughout the growing season . Some crosses betweenTagetes erectaandTagetes patula — the ‘ Zenith ™ ’ serial , for example — are popular hybrids ; however , if you ’re a germ recoverer , remember that while seeds from loan-blend may germinate , you may not get precisely the plant you ’re hoping for . This is succinctly explained in a Toronto Master Gardener piece , Growing Marigolds from Seed and Cross Pollination .
More on Planting and Nurturing
Marigolds require well - draining soil and lots of sunlight to reach out a full and tidy adulthood . Too much heat though and they can look scorched ; however , they are drought - repellent . Water plant when about the top inch of stain is ironical . soak the filth , watering the base of the plant life . Keep an heart on containers , which may postulate more frequent lacrimation . Marigolds are stalwart ; a little neglect is unlikely to result in destruction , although the appearance of the plant life may be affected .
Marigolds come in a potpourri of tiptop and spreads . Tall varieties can collapse , and benefit from pinching back ( especially when untried ) , staking , and sometimes replanting at a slightly greater profoundness . If you want to keep large plant life humble , the negative outcome of constitute too close may be somewhat positive for you . They respond to plant food ( essay a 12 - 6 - 6 balanced plant food ) — do not exaggerate it — but generally they do not want it . They reply enthusiastically to deadheading , but will seemingly thrive without it . To encourage a bushy drug abuse in any marigold , pinch back young plant . The well pH for ground is a neutral 6.0 - 7.0/8.0 .
fundamentally , the only meaning of hardiness zones relates to the start and goal of their rise season . It ’s easy to see why marigolds have retrieve homes around the cosmos . For specific guidance , take the guidance on seed packet ( if planting from seeds ) and/or refer to the species - specific guides , for the most common species , prepared by North Carolina State Extension : Tagetes , erecta , lucida , patula , andtenuifolia . See also Clemson Cooperative Extension’sexcellent guide .
Garden and Landscape Design
Purposefully designing with marigold has a history , with illustration in their exercise as diverse as Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 - 1826 ) ( Tagetes erectaandTagetes patula ) and William Robinson ’s ( 1838 - 1935 ) influentialThe English Flower Garden(3rded . 1893 ) . The latter suggests marigold for usance in beds as well as edge , notable for colorful blooms with which a picture can be painted . The practice continues today . Even originally , marigolds appear in Joseph Breck ’s ( 1794 - 1873 ) 1851The Flower Garden , which has abbreviated discussions ofTagetes erectaandTagetes patula .
Marigolds also do very well in container and can be peculiarly attractive on decks , porches , and patios ; utilise dwarf varieties . You have to not mind their look , though many contemporary marigold are say to have a far less marked odor than their predecessors . Since they thrive in the same conditions , flux member of the genusTagetesand the genusCalendula . marigold also do well as cut flowers . dispatch leaves will reduce odour .
DifferentTagetesspecies and cultivar may shape comfortably than other mintage and cultivars in different garden environments . Combining French marigolds ( Tagetes patula ) with signet marigolds ( Tagetes tenuifolia ) can make an attractive border . French marigold ( Tagetes patula)work well alone as a moulding . Because of their size , African marigold ( Tagetes erecta ) work best as backcloth . Since there are so many colors – not to mention sizes to choose from — give tending to arranging and theory of complementary colour . This applies to other marigold as well as the other plants , objects , and garden backdrop . marigold can add vivacious and massed colouring to any garden , so the elongated period of time over which they will blossom should be consider . They are a very sparing annual plant , because they grow so readily from seeds . Photographs in garden Book and on the connection may serve as a source of aspiration and inspiration . For some sound advice and a beautiful image , jaw Gary R , Bachman’sMarigolds supply lasting people of color , help tomatoes . The featured image will give you an first-class mother wit of size and color .
The Repelling and Attracting Power of Marigolds
Deer and lapin find the smell of marigold offensive . The jury is out though as to whether marigolds repel insect pest . In fact , the USDA identify 15 pests that dishonour them ; among them : aphid , Nipponese beetles , and wanderer jot . And they are also susceptible to viral infections . Marigolds can pull in louse , though , that attack insect pests ! In improver , marigolds can be a powerful tool with which to manipulate nematodes , the galling bantam dirt ball that feed on plant life by piercing their roots . Marigold solution let out a toxic chemical substance that inhibit the crosshatch of nematode eggs . For this to work though , marigolds must be plant at least two month prior to the planting of vegetables and at the same location where the vegetable craw is to be plant . Not all species or miscellany will be effective . Astudydoes show that Gallic marigold may dissuade whitefly from attack tomatoes . For a thorough review article of this theme , seeThe Garden ShedarticleMagical Repelling Powers of Marigolds – Myth or Fact ?
Some pollinators love marigolds , and they are an excellent solid food source for Lepidoptera caterpillars , which transform into butterfly stroke and moths . To further pollinators , plant varieties with undefendable shopping center ; among these are theTagetes patulavarieties . In fact , the Romance wordpatulameans “ widely spreading wont . ” To attract a diversity of pollinator , and for aesthetic impingement , look at artfully mixing blossom with unlike wrought pass .
Eating Marigolds
reader with a more scientific interest group in marigold edibility may care to consider such research pieces as “ Edible Flowers with the Common Name ‘ Marigold ’ : Their Therapeutic Values and Processing , ” which is cite fully under Sources . There is a account ofTagetesbeing identified as mildly toxic and specially gently toxic to cats and dogs , with computed axial tomography point as being most affected . The sap ofTagetesis designate as an thorn . If a pet has a reaction , as always , confer with a veterinarian . Quantity of photo is likely to find the extent of a reaction , if any .
For an initiation to this culinary delight , think Leona Woodring Smith’sThe Forgotten Art of Flower Cookery(Pelican Publishing Company , Inc. , 1985 , c1973 ) . On edible bloom in general , consider Rosalind Creasy’sThe Edible Flower Garden(Periplus Editions , 1999 ) and the wise advice offered in Dixie Sandborn’sEdible flowers : summate color , flavor and fun to your dinner plate . Before consuming , be certain there are absolutely no chemicals present of any cast or type , move after exercising your own “ due app , ” sample a small amount , and only then let your sense of taste buds be your guide .
In Conclusion
I go for you will explore the source below as well as the truly expectant dead body of marigold selective information on the Web , the size of which is testimonial to the brook popularity of this plant life . marigold , includingCalendula officinalisor pot marigold , have been wide used by humans across prison term and place , as well as capable to our handling . After reading this article , perhaps you ’ll never seem at marigolds quite the same way again and your sake will be sparked to learn more .
Sources
Books and Book Chapters
Breck , Joseph . The Flower Garden : Or , Breck ’s Book of Flowers ; In Which Are Discussed All The Various Hardy Herbaceous Perennials , Annuals , Shrubby plant life , And Evergreen Trees , Desirable For Ornamental Purposes , With direction For Their Cultivation . John P. Jewett & Company , 1851 .
Cruz , Martín de la , et al . An Aztec Herbal : The Classic Codex of 1552.Translated from the Latin by William Gates with an introduction by Bruce E. Byland . Dover Publications , 2000 .
Boddy , Kasia . “ Marigold . ”Blooming bloom : A Seasonal chronicle of Plants and People . Yale University Press , 2020 , pp . 140 - 149 .
Grissell , Eric . “ Of Marigolds , Dahlias , and Zinnias . ”A History of Zinnias : Flower for the Ages . Purdue University Press , 2020 , pp . 33 - 45 .
Hernández , Francisco ( 1514 - 1578).Historia de las Plantas de Nueva España . Edited by Isaac Ochoterena . Imprenta Universitaria , Mexico , 1942 - 1946 . 3 vols . Thecempoaxóchitlentry is establish in vol . II , book iv , pp . 644 - 652 .
“ Marigold . ”The Oxford Companion to Food . Edited by Alan Davidson . Oxford University Press , 1999 .
Restall , Matthew . When Montezuma Met Cortés : The True Story of the Meeting that Changed story . HarperCollins Publishers , 2018 .
Robinson , William . The English Flower Garden : Style , Position & Arrangement.3rded . John Murray , 1893 . First ed . 1883 .
article
Chavarria , Allan and Guillermo C. Espinosa . “Cruz - Badiano Codex and the Importance of the Mexican Medicinal Plants . ”Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology , Research and Management , vol . 7 , no . 24 January 2025 , pp . 15 - 22 .
Chitrakar , Bimal , Min Zhang , and Bhesh Bhandari . “ eatable blossom with the Common Name “ Marigold ” : Their sanative Values and Processing . ”Trends in Food Science & Technology , vol . 89 , July , 2019 , pp . 76 - 87 .
Graziera , Patrizia . “ Concept of the Garden in Pre - Hispanic Mexico . ”Garden Historyvol . 29 , no . 2 , Winter 2001 , pp . 185 - 213 .
Macht , David I. “ Calendula or Marigold in Medical History and in Shakespeare . ”Bulletin of the History of Medicine , vol . 29 , no . 6 . November - December 1955 , pp . 491 - 502 .
Morehart , Christopher T. , Abgail Meza Peñaloza , Carlos Serrano Sanchez , Emily McClung de Tapia , and Emilio Ibarra Morales . “ Human Sacrifice During the Epiclassic Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico . ”Latin American Antiquity , vol . 23 , no . 4 , December 2012 , pp . 426 - 448 .
Neher , Robert Trostle . “ The Ethnobotany of Tagetes . ”Economic Botany , vol . 22 , no . 4 , October - December 1968 , pp . 317 - 325 .
Schorn , Joel . “Is Dia de los muertos the same as All Souls Day?”U.S. Catholic , vol . 75 , no.11 . Winter 2010 , p. 46 .
website
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IMDb ( International Movie Database).The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel .
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IMDb ( International Movie Database).The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds .
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IMDb ( International Movie Database).Marigold .
IMDb ( International Movie Database).Monsoon Wedding .
IMDb ( International Movie Database).The Second Best Marigold Hotel .
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Mexicolore . How to cure the stiffening of the serpent : herbal music , Aztec stylus .
Monticello . Thomas Jefferson , Monticello and the African Marigold
Monticello . Thomas Jefferson , Monticello and the French Marigold
North Carolina State Extension . Calendula officinalis .
North Carolina State Extension . Tagetes .
North Carolina State Extension . Tagetes erecta .
North Carolina State Extension . Tagetes lucida .
North Carolina State Extension . Tagetes patula .
North Carolina State Extension . Tagetes tenuifolia .
North Carolina State Extension . Ailanthus Webworn .
Rhys , Dani . Symbolsage . Marigold Flowers — Meaning and Symbolism .
Sandborn , Dixie . Michigan State University Extension . Edible efflorescence : Adding colour , flavor and fun to your dinner plate .
Toronto Master Gardeners . Growing Marigolds for Seed and Cross Pollination .
Vidaurri , Cynthia . Smithsonian Magazine . Did Disney Pixar Get the Day of the Dead Celebrations right-hand in Its Film ‘ Coco ’ ?
University of Massachusetts Extension . Landscape , Nursery and Urban Forestry Program . Pollinators in the Landscape II : Plants and Pollinators .
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University of Wisconsin , Milwaukee . Ailanthus Webworm Moth .
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TV
Ankit ’s Terrace Garden . How to farm Marigold Plant From Its Cutting ( Step By whole tone ) .
Garden Gate Magazine . Milk Jug Seed Starting .
Garden Ideas . Grow Marigold Cutting Only in Water , How to develop Cutting .
University of Maryland Extension . Seed Starting in Recycled Milk Jugs .
